{"id":60993,"date":"2024-10-05T14:54:36","date_gmt":"2024-10-05T11:54:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/elinepa.org\/?p=60993"},"modified":"2024-10-05T18:55:31","modified_gmt":"2024-10-05T15:55:31","slug":"einai-i-indiki-skepsi-pesimistiki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/elinepa.org\/el\/einai-i-indiki-skepsi-pesimistiki\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae;"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u03a4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03b9\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5*<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

(\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393. \u0391\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00abMalum \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 dolor: \u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u0392\u03af\u03b2\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u00bb \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03c7\u03ce\u03c2).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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(\u201cDie Weltanschauung der indischen Denker\u201d) \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c8\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7: \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b9\u03cc\u03bb\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7 \u00ab\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2\u00bb, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u00ab\u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2\u00bb (\u201cdie Idee der Welt- und Lebensverneinung\u201d). \u039a\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2
\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. (Schweitzer 1935: 1-2 )<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 (von Glasenapp 1960: 147-9).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af \u03b2\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1. \u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03be\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bb\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u039c\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad \u039c\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad-\u039f\u03c5\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03c2 (1819-1899) \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03cc\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03cd\u03b1\u03b6\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd: \u00ab \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ad\u03ba\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03b7 \u03ac\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03c3\u03c7\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2\u00bb (Almond 1988: 80-4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u039f\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c6\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ad\u03c2 (Chatterjee \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Datta 1939: 16). \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bd\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u0397 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03bb\u03af\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03af\u03b1. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u039c\u03ac\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9 \u039f\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u00ab\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2\u00bb \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1: \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf, \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03ae\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b3\u03b7\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c3\u2019 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b8\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 ; (\u0399,3) (Gonda 1960,I,209).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc, \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03b2\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bf \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cb\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c6\u03cd\u03c0\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7. \u0397 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bc\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03c0\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03a5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1
\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf (Radhakrishnan 1989,I,146-7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1 (Dumoulin 1994: 25-6). \u03a3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u0391\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7, 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\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c1\u03b5\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae. \u039f \u0392.\u03a3. \u03a1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u039f \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2. \u0391\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c1\u03b5\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5
\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c1\u03b5\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5. \u0395\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u0394\u03b5\u03bd
\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b6\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u2019 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf
\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1
\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1,
\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b1. (\u03a1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1 1997: 58)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c8\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5, \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03b7. \u0389\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7- \u03b5, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03af\u03b1!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1<\/span>
Almond, Ph. 1988. The British Discovery of Buddhism
\u0391\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u0393. 2022. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039a\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bd\u03b1, \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b5\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1<\/a>, \u0395\u039b\u0399\u039d\u0395\u03a0\u0391
Barua, A. 2013. \u2018All is Suffering-Reexamining the Logic of \u201cIndian Pessimism\u201d\u2019 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Barua, A.-Gerhard, M.-
Kossler, M. Understanding Schopenhauer through the prism of Indian culture
Chatterjee,S. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Datta,D. 1939. An Introduction to Indian Philosophy
Dumoulin, H. 1994. Understanding Buddhism
Droit, R.-P. 1997. Le culte du n\u00e9ant
Glasenapp, H. von, 1960. Das Indienbild deutscher Denker
Gonda, J. 1960. Die Religionen Indiens, Band 1
Patanjali, B.S. 1938. Aphorisms of Yoga
Radhakrishnan, S. 1989. Indian Philosophy, Vol. 1
\u03a1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1, \u0392.\u03a3. 1997. \u03a4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03be\u03b5 \u03bf \u0392\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2
Schweitzer, A. 1935. Die Weltanschauungen der indischen Denker\u0387 \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb. \u03ad\u03ba\u03b4. \u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bc\u03c4\u03c6. \u039c. \u0392\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03a9\u03c1\u03cc\u03c1\u03b1, 1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

*\u039f  \u0393\u03b9\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2   \u0391\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong>  (1956-  ) \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5  \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1  \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9  \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1  \u03c3\u03b5  \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1  \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9  \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1  \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9  \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2  \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2  \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7  \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1  \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1  \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7. \u03a4\u03b1  \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac   \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5  \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1  \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc  \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2  \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2  \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2  \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5  \u201880  \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd  \u03c9\u03c2  \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc  \u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1  \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2  \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2  \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9   \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2-\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2   \u03cc\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2  \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2  \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2  \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2   \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03b9\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u039b\u0399\u039d\u0395\u03a0\u0391:<\/span>
\u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03b1:
 <\/em><\/a>\u0391<\/strong><\/em>\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9<\/strong> \u039a\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bd\u03b1<\/strong><\/em> \u2013 \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b5\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1<\/em><\/a><\/em>, 2\u03b7 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b4. 2022, \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1: \u0395\u03ba\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u0395\u039b\u0399\u039d\u0395\u03a0\u0391. ISBN:  <\/em>978-618-82624-5-4

\u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0386\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1:
\u00ab\u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae;<\/a>\u00bb \u0399\u039d\u0394\u0399\u039a\u0391<\/em> 2024
\u00ab\u03a3\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1 \u2013 \u03a4\u03bf \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7<\/a>\u00bb \u0399\u039d\u0394\u0399\u039a\u0391<\/em> 2023
\u00ab\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u2013 \u0394\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u201c\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u201d \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2<\/a>\u00bb \u0399\u039d\u0394\u0399\u039a\u0391<\/em> 2023
\u00ab\u0397 \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u039a\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9<\/a>\u00bb \u0399\u039d\u0394\u0399\u039a\u0391<\/em> 2022
\u00ab\u0397 \u03b6\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1<\/a>\u00bb \u0399\u039d\u0394\u0399\u039a\u0391<\/em> 2022<\/p>\n\n\n\n

** \u0397 \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1\u00a0\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039d\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03ba, \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1, \u039d\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 (@Dr. Akash D. Gedam).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u03a4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03b9\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5* (\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393. \u0391\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00abMalum \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 dolor: \u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u0392\u03af\u03b2\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":55708,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[132],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-60993","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-meletes-arthra"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae; - \u0395\u039b\u039b\u0397\u039d\u039f-\u0399\u039d\u0394\u0399\u039a\u0397 \u0395\u03a4\u0391\u0399\u03a1\u0395\u0399\u0391 \u03a0\u039f\u039b\u0399\u03a4\u0399\u03a3\u039c\u039f\u03a5 & \u0391\u039d\u0391\u03a0\u03a4\u03a5\u039e\u0397\u03a3<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/elinepa.org\/el\/einai-i-indiki-skepsi-pesimistiki\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"el_GR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae; - \u0395\u039b\u039b\u0397\u039d\u039f-\u0399\u039d\u0394\u0399\u039a\u0397 \u0395\u03a4\u0391\u0399\u03a1\u0395\u0399\u0391 \u03a0\u039f\u039b\u0399\u03a4\u0399\u03a3\u039c\u039f\u03a5 & \u0391\u039d\u0391\u03a0\u03a4\u03a5\u039e\u0397\u03a3\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u03a4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03b9\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5* (\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393. \u0391\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00abMalum \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 dolor: \u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u0392\u03af\u03b2\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/elinepa.org\/el\/einai-i-indiki-skepsi-pesimistiki\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0395\u039b\u039b\u0397\u039d\u039f-\u0399\u039d\u0394\u0399\u039a\u0397 \u0395\u03a4\u0391\u0399\u03a1\u0395\u0399\u0391 \u03a0\u039f\u039b\u0399\u03a4\u0399\u03a3\u039c\u039f\u03a5 & \u0391\u039d\u0391\u03a0\u03a4\u03a5\u039e\u0397\u03a3\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/indikanet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-10-05T11:54:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-10-05T15:55:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/elinepa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Nasik-Cave-900.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"461\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"elinepa\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@indohellenic\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@indohellenic\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"elinepa\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u0395\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/elinepa.org\\\/el\\\/einai-i-indiki-skepsi-pesimistiki\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/elinepa.org\\\/el\\\/einai-i-indiki-skepsi-pesimistiki\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"elinepa\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/elinepa.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/bc55125588137d941583f580cd00b106\"},\"headline\":\"\u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae;\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-10-05T11:54:36+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-10-05T15:55:31+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/elinepa.org\\\/el\\\/einai-i-indiki-skepsi-pesimistiki\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":197,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/elinepa.org\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/elinepa.org\\\/el\\\/einai-i-indiki-skepsi-pesimistiki\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/elinepa.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/03\\\/Nasik-Cave-900.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"\u039c\u0395\u039b\u0395\u03a4\u0395\u03a3 & \u0391\u03a1\u0398\u03a1\u0391\"],\"inLanguage\":\"el\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/elinepa.org\\\/el\\\/einai-i-indiki-skepsi-pesimistiki\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/elinepa.org\\\/el\\\/einai-i-indiki-skepsi-pesimistiki\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae; 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