{"id":62215,"date":"2025-10-07T11:38:16","date_gmt":"2025-10-07T08:38:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/elinepa.org\/?p=62215"},"modified":"2025-10-07T13:21:19","modified_gmt":"2025-10-07T10:21:19","slug":"thanatos-confucius-tao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/elinepa.org\/el\/thanatos-confucius-tao\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0398\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u2013 \u039c\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 3\u03bf: \u039a\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2-\u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u00ab\u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u00bb \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2  (Y\u00fc 2016: 20-1\u2219Arbuckle 1998: 121-2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u039f \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc credo, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u0398\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd, \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd, \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03cc, \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf (Chen 2012: 1038). \u039f\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bc\u2019 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b5, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u039a\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u039a\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1<\/em>, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u2019 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03c4\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c6\u03af\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 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\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00bb (19.17). \u039f \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf \u039a\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03bf \u039b\u03b9, \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd (11.10). \u039a\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b8\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ad\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1 (3.4). \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u2019 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u00ab\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2\u00bb (20.1). \u03a3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd: \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf \u03b8\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2. \u0391\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bf \u03a3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03a4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03bd, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf (Xunzi 1963: 109\u2219 Overmyer 1974: 200-1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u03a3\u03b5 \u03cc,\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9, \u03c4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u00bb, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u2019 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ac\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b1. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ce\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1<\/em>: \u00ab\u03a4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03b3\u03ae \u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039f\u03b4\u03cc, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2\u00bb (4.8)\u2219 \u00ab\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b6\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u2219 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03b2\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u00bb (15.9). \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

     \u039c\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c8\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2\u2219 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce
     \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c8\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1
     \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2. \u039c\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae, \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u2219 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2
     \u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7. \u0397 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae
     \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u2219 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae. \u0393\u03b9\u2019 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc
     \u03b4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03be\u03c9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b6\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd
     \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c7\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u2219 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c7\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf. \u0393\u03b9\u2019 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf
     \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03c9.
                                                                (\u03a4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5<\/em>, \u03bc\u03c4\u03c6. \u03a3. \u03a7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2, 6\u039110, \u03c3. 211-2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c5 \u03b8\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b5\u03b2\u03b2\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03c6\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b8\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

     \u039a\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc, \u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c0\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7! \u0391\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9
     \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03c9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9; \u0398\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039f\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc; \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9
     \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1
     \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd; \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03c9 \u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03ae \u03ba\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u2219 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u2019 \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf
     \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5;
                                           (\u03a4\u03b1 \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5<\/em>, \u03bc\u03c4\u03c6. \u03a3. \u03a7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2, 9.12, \u03c3. 201)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0392. \u03a4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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  \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6. 50 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4\u03b1\u03cc \u03c4\u03b5 \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba<\/em> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                 \u0397 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2, \u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2.
                                 \u03a4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2,
                                 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5,
                                 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2
                                \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c9\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd.
                                 \u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af; \u0395\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03be\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9.
                                  \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03af\u03b3\u03c1\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9,
                                  \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03af\u03c7\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03c7\u03c9\u03c2.
                                  \u039c\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2,
                                  \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03cd\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf \u03c4\u03af\u03b3\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03ae\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03af \u03bf \u03b5\u03c7\u03b8\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2.
                                  \u03a4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c3\u2019 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u03a3\u2019 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03cd\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00ab\u0393\u03b7\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u0394\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u00bb (\u039b\u03ac\u03bf \u03c4\u03c3\u03b5) \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7. \u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03b5\u03be\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0396\u03c9\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03b7 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c6\u03cc\u03b2\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u00ab\u0391\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03ba\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03bd\u2019 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5;\u00bb (\u03a4\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u03c4\u03c3\u03b5, \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6. 22). \u039a\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b6\u03c9\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 (\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c6\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf \u039f\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2) \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03a4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03ba\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u00ab\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\u00bb (Chen 1989: 173-4\u2219 Chen 1981: 230-1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u039f\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u039a\u03af\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0389\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a4\u03c3\u03cc\u03bf\u03c5 (1046-221 \u03c0.\u03a7.) \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 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\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0391\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03ce\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 (Kirkland 2008: 91), \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03c5\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7  \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cc \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc ( Penny 2004: 109). \u03a4\u03bf  \u03a4\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u03c4\u03c3\u03b5<\/em> (\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6. 1) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 (xian, \u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

     \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03cc \u039a\u03bf\u03c5-\u03b3\u03b9 \u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2) \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9  
     \u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9, \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1
     \u03bd\u03b5\u03b1\u03c1\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1. \u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1
     \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7. \u0391\u03bd\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bd\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1, \u03b6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2
     \u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2
     \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 (\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5) \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac \u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9
     \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9, \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5
     \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u039a\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03bf \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u00ab\u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u00bb, \u03b5\u03ba\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03b2\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5: \u00ab\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c0\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7; \u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c7\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7, \u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2; \u2026 \u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03af \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae;\u00bb (\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6. 2). \u03a3\u03b5 \u03cc,\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b4\u03ce \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b2\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03b1. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a4\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u03c4\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03bb\u03af\u03c8\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03cd\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03ae\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2: \u00ab \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf \u039c\u03b5\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba-\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03a4\u03c3\u2019 \u03ac\u03ca \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b8\u03bb\u03af\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u2019 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03b7\u2026\u039f \u039c\u03b5\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba-\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03c0\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2\u00bb (\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6.6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ce\u03bd\u2219 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af \u00ab\u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u00bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u00ab\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03cd\u00bb (Needham 1976: 1). \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5, \u03cc\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03ba\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03be\u03b5 \u03bf \u039a\u03bf \u03a7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba (283-343) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03af\u03c4\u03bb\u03bf \u03a0\u03ac\u03bf \u03a0\u2019\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5<\/em>, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf 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\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 (Palmer 1991: 97\u2219 Penny, \u03cc.\u03c0., 113\u2219\u03a4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b6\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 2003: 328-336)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (Kirkland, \u03cc.\u03c0., 93). \u03a3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd sur la mort, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2, outre tombe \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Arbuckle, G. 1998. \u201cDie chinesischen Religionen\u201c \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf  H. Coward (ed.) Das Leben nach<\/em> dem Tode in den Weltreligionen<\/em>
Berkson,M. 2019. \u201cDeath in Ancient Chinese Thought\u201d  \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf T.P. Knepper et al. (eds.) Death and Dying. Comparative Philosophy of Religion<\/em>
Chen, B. 2012. \u201cCoping with Death and Loss: Confucian Perspectives and the Use of Rituals\u201d \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf  Pastoral Psychology<\/em> (2012) 61.
Chen, E. 1989. The Tao Te Ching. A New Translation with Commentary<\/em>
Chen, K.-y. 1981. Lao Tzu. Text, Notes and Comments<\/em>
Kaltenmark, M. 1965. Lao Tseu et le taoisme<\/em>
Kirkland, R. 2008. \u201cTranscendence and Immortality\u201d \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf F. Pregadio (ed.) The<\/em> Encyclopedia \u03bff Taoism<\/em>, Vol.1
Needham, J. 1976. Science and Civilization in China, <\/em>Vol 5.
Overmyer, D.T. 1974 \u201cChina\u201d \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf F.H. Holck (ed.) Death and Eastern Thought<\/em>
Palmer, M. 1991. The Elements of Taoism<\/em>
Penny, B. 2004. \u201cImmortality and Transcendence\u201d \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf  L.Kohn (ed.) Daoism Handbook,<\/em> Vol.1
Robinet, I. 1991. Histoire du taoisme<\/em>
\u03a4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b6\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2, \u03a6. 2003. \u00ab\u03a4\u03b1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u00bb \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a6. \u03a4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b6\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03b5\u03c0.), \u0398\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/em>
Y\u00fc, Y.-s. 2016. Chinese History and Culture<\/em>, Vol.1
Xunzi. 1963. Basic Writings<\/em> (trans. B. Watson)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03b9\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u039b\u0399\u039d\u0395\u03a0\u0391:<\/strong><\/em>
\u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03b1:
 <\/em><\/a>\u0391<\/strong><\/em>\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9<\/strong> \u039a\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bd\u03b1<\/strong><\/em> \u2013 \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b5\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1<\/em><\/a><\/em>, 2\u03b7 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b4. 2022, \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1: \u0395\u03ba\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u0395\u039b\u0399\u039d\u0395\u03a0\u0391. ISBN:  <\/em>978-618-82624-5-4<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u00ab\u0398\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u2013 \u039c\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 1\u03bf: \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2<\/a>\u00bb\u00a0\u0399\u039d\u0394\u0399\u039a\u0391<\/em>\u00a02025
\u00ab\u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae;<\/a>\u00bb\u00a0\u0399\u039d\u0394\u0399\u039a\u0391<\/em>\u00a02024
\u00ab\u03a3\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1 \u2013 \u03a4\u03bf \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7<\/a>\u00bb\u00a0\u0399\u039d\u0394\u0399\u039a\u0391<\/em>\u00a02023
\u00ab\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u2013 \u0394\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u201c\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u201d \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2<\/a>\u00bb\u00a0\u0399\u039d\u0394\u0399\u039a\u0391<\/em>\u00a02023
\u00ab\u0397 \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u039a\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9<\/a>\u00bb\u00a0\u0399\u039d\u0394\u0399\u039a\u0391<\/em>\u00a02022
\u00ab\u0397 \u03b6\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0399\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1<\/a>\u00bb\u00a0\u0399\u039d\u0394\u0399\u039a\u0391<\/em>\u00a02022<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u03a6\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5:<\/span> \u0397 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba \u00ab\u0397 \u0393\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u00bb \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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  (\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0393\u03b9\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03bc\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u00abMalum \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 dolor: \u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u0392\u03af\u03b2\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":62216,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[148,132],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-62215","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-148","category-meletes-arthra"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0398\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 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