{"id":845,"date":"2013-12-01T12:13:40","date_gmt":"2013-12-01T10:13:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/elinepa.org\/2013\/12\/01\/2013-12-01-12-13-40\/"},"modified":"2025-10-07T12:29:24","modified_gmt":"2025-10-07T09:29:24","slug":"indologoi-kai-indoevropaioi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/elinepa.org\/el\/indologoi-kai-indoevropaioi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b2\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba.\u03b1.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c0\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u0394\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u0393\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce (Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau, 1816\u20131882). 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\u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2.[24]<\/a> \u039f \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u039b\u03cc\u03c1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u0392\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03a0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c3\u03c5 \u039c\u03c0\u03c5\u03c2 \u03a3\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03cb (Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1792\u20131822), \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u039f \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5 \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 18\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9. \u038c\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c9\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0397 \u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2 \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039b\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b7\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf-\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u0393\u03b9\u03cc\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u0393\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c6\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03c4 \u03a7\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1 (Johann Gottfried Herder, 1744\u20131803), \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1. \u0397 \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a7\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u0397 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03cc,\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03cc. \u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf \u0396\u03b1\u03bd \u0396\u03b1\u03ba \u03a1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03ce \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u039c\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b9\u03ad, \u03bf \u03a7\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.[25]<\/a> \u039c\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u039f\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd<\/em> (8\u03bf\u03c2\u20135\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0.\u03a7.) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039c\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1<\/em> \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03c8\u03cd\u03c7\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a7\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd (Volksgeist), \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd.[26]<\/a> \u039f \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u2013\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03bb\u03b1\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c3\u03ce\u03bd \u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf-\u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf \u00ab\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2\u00bb \u03ad\u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf \u03a4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u0393\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba (Thomas Young) \u03c4\u03bf 1813 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2.[27]<\/a> \u0394\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bf \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03bb\u03ac\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4 (Julius von Klaproth) \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf \u00ab\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2\u00bb, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u0391\u03b3\u03b3\u03bb\u03cc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c2.[28]<\/a> \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd 19\u03bf \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u2013\u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2. \u0397\u03b4\u03b7 \u03bf \u03a4\u03b6\u03cc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c3\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03a0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03a6\u03c1\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0393\u03cc\u03c4\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03a3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03b6\u03bf\u03b9, \u03bf\u03b9 \u0399\u03ac\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1.[29]<\/a> \u038c\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03a4\u03b6\u03cc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03b2\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u00ab\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u00bb \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03a6\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c2 \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0 (Franz Bopp, 1791\u20131867) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5. \u039f \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf 1816 \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c3\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.[30]<\/a> \u03a3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.[31]<\/a> \u0397 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4\u03b6\u03cc\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03c3\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0391\u03b4\u03ac\u03bc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03c9\u03c5\u03c3\u03ae, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1.[32]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1.[33]<\/a> \u039f\u03b9 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u2013\u0386\u03c1\u03c5\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 (\u03a7\u03af\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9, \u039c\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9, \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b6\u03ac\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9, \u0393\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b6\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bb\u03c0.), \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03a0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u2013\u0386\u03c1\u03c5\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b6\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf 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\u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0397 \u03a3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1. \u0397 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2. \u039f \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bb\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 mutatis mutandis \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u0388\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u0397 \u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> \u039c\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7 \u039a. \u0392\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5, \u0388\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03af. \u0397 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd<\/em>. \u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u00ab\u0395\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\u00bb, \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 1990, \u03a4\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u0391\u2019 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0392\u2019. \u03a0\u03c1\u03b2\u03bb. \u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03b6\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5-\u0392\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac, \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7,<\/em> \u03a4\u03cc\u03bc. 8, \u0391\u03c1. 22 (1991) 70-77.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> \u03a7\u03ad\u03bb\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4 \u03c6\u03bf\u03bd \u0393\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0, \u0397 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0399\u03bd\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd<\/em>. \u039c\u03c4\u03c6\u03c1. \u0395\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u0393\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7, \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 1993, 17.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3]<\/a> Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Classical Accounts of India<\/em>. Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, Calcuta 1960, 474.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4]<\/a> Philostratus, The Life of Apollonius of Tyana.<\/em> F.C. Conybeare (Transl.), William Heineman-The Macmillan Co, London-New York 1912, 116\u2013354.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5]<\/a> David Pingree, \u201cThe Byzantine Translation of Masha\u2019allah on Interrogational Astrology\u201d, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Paul Magdalino \u2013 Maria Mavroudi, Occult Sciences in Byzantium<\/em>. La pomme d\u2019 or, Geneva 2006, 233.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6]<\/a> \u03a0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76<\/em> \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6<\/em> \u03a0\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5<\/em> \u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<\/em> \u03ba\u03b1\u03af<\/em> \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2<\/em> \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2<\/em> \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd<\/em> \u03b2\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03af\u03c9\u03bd<\/em> \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6<\/em>. \u0395\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae-\u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u039a\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u2013\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u2013\u03a3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b1\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03ac\u03c2, \u0391\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u0391\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 1991, 26-7, (3.13-19).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7]<\/a> Thomas Mc\u0395villey, The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies.<\/em> Allworth Press, New York 2002, \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6. 22. \u03a0\u03c1\u03b2\u03bb. Olivier Lacombe, \u00ab Note sur Plotin et la pens\u00e9e indienne \u00bb, \u00c9cole pratique des hautes \u00e9tudes, Section des sciences religieuses<\/em>. Annuaire 1950-1951. 1949, 6. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c7\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0399\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 Maitri<\/em> Upanishad<\/em> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u039a\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039f\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u039d\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03ad\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039f\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd<\/em> \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u0394\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b7\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7. \u0397 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8]<\/a> \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u0394. \u0392\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b7, \u0397 \u039c\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03a6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u0392\u03c5\u03b6\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf (4\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>\u20137\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc.\u03a7. \u03b1\u03b9.).<\/em> \u0395\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 2001, 59.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9]<\/a> \u0394\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u0391\u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9, \u0397 \u0398\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u039a\u03c9\u03bc\u03c9\u03b4\u03af\u03b1. \u0393\u2019 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2<\/em>. \u039c\u03c4\u03c6\u03c1. \u0393\u03b9\u03c9\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u039a\u03cc\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u0396\u03b1\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 1986, 118.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10]<\/a> Marco Polo, The Travels<\/em>. Transl. Ronald Latham, Penguin, London 1958, 283.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[11]<\/a> Lev Gumilev, Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom: The Legend of the Kingdom of Prester John<\/em>. R. E. F. Smith (transl.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge \u2013 New York \u2013 New Rochelle \u2013 Melbourne \u2013 Sydney 2009, 4-5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[12]<\/a> \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a4\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2, \u0397 \u0392\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03b1<\/em>. \u039c\u03c4\u03c6\u03c1. \u0395. \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03c4\u03b6\u03ae, \u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4. \u2013 \u0392\u03b9\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0395\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u039b. \u039c\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2, \u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03a3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd \u039d\u03b5\u03bf\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 1977, 166.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[13]<\/a> Maria Mavroudi, \u201cOccult Science and Society in Byzantium: considerations for future research\u201d \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Paul Magdalino \u2013 Maria Mavroudi, Occult Sciences in Byzantium,<\/em> \u03cc.\u03c0., 91.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[14]<\/a> Umberto Eco, \u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/em>. \u039c\u03c4\u03c6\u03c1. \u0386\u03bd\u03bd\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5, \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0393\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 1998, 154-5 \u2013 The<\/em> Works<\/em> of<\/em> Sir<\/em> William<\/em> Jones<\/em>, vol. I. London 1799, 26. \u03a0\u03c1\u03b2\u03bb. Michael J. Franklin, Orientalist Jones<\/em>. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011, 36.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[15]<\/a> Garland Cannon, The Life and Mind of Oriental Jones. <\/em>Cambridge University Press, Cambridge\/New York\/Port Chester\/Melbourne\/Sydney 1990, 245.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[16]<\/a> \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf, 245.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[17]<\/a> Stefan Arvridsson, Aryan Idols. Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science. <\/em>The University of Chicago Press, Chicago\/London 2006, 23.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[18]<\/a> Edward W. Said, Orientalism. <\/em>Vintage Books, New York 1979, 136.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[19]<\/a> \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf, 51.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[20]<\/a> Stefan Arvridsson, Aryan Idols<\/em>, \u03cc.\u03c0., 23-4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[21]<\/a> Edward Said, Orientalism<\/em>, \u03cc.\u03c0., 51.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[22]<\/a> Comte de Cobineau and Orientalism<\/em>. Selected eastern writings. <\/em>Transl. Daniel O\u2019 Donoghue, Routledge, NewYork\/London 2009, 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[23]<\/a> Stefan Arvridsson, Aryan Idols<\/em>, \u03cc.\u03c0., 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[24]<\/a> Michael J. Franklin, Orientalist Jones,<\/em> \u03cc.\u03c0., 36.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[25]<\/a> Stefan Arvridsson Aryan Idols<\/em>, \u03cc.\u03c0., 24-5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[26]<\/a> \u0393\u03b9\u03cc\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd \u0393\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c6\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03c4 \u03a7\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1, \u03a0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2<\/em>. \u039c\u03c4\u03c6\u03c1. \u0393\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03c2, \u03a4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae, \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 2007, 71.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[27]<\/a> Andrew Robinson, The Last Man who Knew Everything<\/em>. Oneworld, Oxford\/ New York 2006, 3, 10, 186. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[28]<\/a> Stefan Arvridsson Aryan Idols<\/em>, \u03cc.\u03c0., 20-6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[29]<\/a> Stefan Arvridsson, Aryan Idols<\/em>, \u03cc.\u03c0., 19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[30]<\/a> \u0393\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u0396\u03b9\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2, \u0398\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u039b\u03b1\u03ce\u03bd<\/em>, \u03a4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391\u2019, \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7 2002, 102.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[31]<\/a> Colin P Masica, Indo-Aryan languages<\/em>. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-New York\u2013Port Chester\u2013Melbourne\u2013Sydney 1991, 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[32]<\/a> Michael J. Franklin, Orientalist Jones,<\/em> \u03cc.\u03c0., 38.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[33]<\/a> Lars Martin Fosse, \u201cAryan Past and Post-Colonial Present: The Polemics and Politics of Indigenous Aryanism\u201d, Edward Bryant \u2013 Laurie Patton (eds.) The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History<\/em>, Routledge, New York 2005, 434.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[34]<\/a> Karel Werner, A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism<\/em>. Curzon Press, Surrey 2005, 53.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[35]<\/a> Lokesh Chandra, \u201cThe Sublime and the Infinite\u201d, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Saryu Doshi (ed.), India and Greece. Connections and Parallels.<\/em> Marg Publications, Bombay 1985, 13.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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